Assisted Reproductive Technology in Sheep ( A review ) Anna

In the last 10-20 years, new biotechnologies have been developed that are on the verge of revolutionizing reproductive processes in humans and animals. In agriculture, modern techniques in assisted reproductive technology (ART) are being used for the introduction, improvement, and preservation of livestock genetics and the enhancement of animal reproductive efficiency. Modern embryology and ART technologies have facilitated the development of methods to transfer desired single genes or, alternatively, the entire genome from desirable individuals or embryos. In addition, rapid advances in techniques to manipulate embryos in the laboratory have permitted screening of embryos for genetic defects or highly desirable quantitative traits using molecular markers. The ART techniques include artificial insemination, estrus synchronization, estrus induction, synchronization of parturition, superovulation, in vitro fertilization, in vivo and in vitro embryo production, embryo collection, embryo transfer, embryo cryopreservation, embryo splitting, cloning, production of transgenic animals, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. The sheep is an excellent model for all listed techniques and has been used extensively in basic and applied research. This review describes application of ART in sheep production and research.